![]() In North America, the most common commands are: Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In pre-industrial times, most teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language. ![]() These signals are given by verbal command and body language, reinforced by a goad, whip or a long pole (which also serves as a measure of length: see rod). Working oxen are taught to respond to the signals of the teamster, bullocky or ox-driver. Training Tang dynasty bronze ox A team of ten pair of oxen in Australia Oxen are thought to have first been harnessed and put to work around 4000 BC. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. Oxen may be also used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are used for plowing, for transport (pulling carts, hauling wagons and even riding), for threshing grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply irrigation among other purposes. Cows (adult females) or bulls (intact males) may also be used in some areas. Oxen are commonly castrated adult male cattle castration inhibits testosterone and aggression, which makes the males docile and safer to work with. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881 Oxen used in farms for plowing Boy on an ox-drawn cart in Niger Ox skullĪn ox / ˈ ɒ k s/ OKS ( PL: oxen, / ˈ ɒ k s ə n/ OK-sen), also known as a bullock (in BrE, AusE, and IndE), is a bovine, trained and used as a draft animal. Zebu oxen in Mumbai, India Ploughing with Oxen by George H. JSTOR ( May 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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